Idioms

Name    : Ketlin azura
Class      : 4 c (English)
Study    : Semantics
Tittle     : The study of idioms and its application to ESL and intercultural communicationAuthor  : Yoko ItoAffiliation : San Jose State UniversityTopic      : Idiom
Rqs        : 
-Research question : 
1.this research question was confirmed as predicted from literature review.
2.this research question was confirmed as predicted.
3.this research question was also  confirmed partially.

Methodology : the researcher arranged to collect the data during regularly scheduled meetings of the participants.before the questioner survey,the researcher explained that the purpose of the study was to explore the link between the use of idiom and intercultural relationship,provided intructions for responding to the scale items,and distributed the questioner.

Result : the data were analyses of variance were perform to explore comprehension,ability,perceived interpersonal relationship,generation identification.

Strengthness : the strenghness of the theses can large our knowledge to study about idiom.
Weakness    : so many explanation and make me confuse to understand this theses.

Semantics article

Nama          : Ketlin Azura

Class           : 4c English

Tittle           : Media Semantics

Article        : Werner Haas, Werner Bailer and Michael Hausenblas

In                : JOANNEUM RESEARCH

                      Institute of Information Systems & Information Management

                     Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria.

Abstract

Our institute’s scope is put on the integration of content-based and semantic technologies into

multimedia applications. We therefore highlight the current state-of-the-art in dealing with the Semantic Gap and present our approach based on the experience gained from projects focusing on real-world media data.

Introduction

The key research in media semantics still is focused on how to bridge the Semantic Gap. Following [1], “The semantic gap is the lack of coincidence between the information that one can extract from the visual data and the interpretation that the same data have for a user in a given situation”. We subscribe to this view, and discuss in the following section different approaches how to actually deal with this situation in applications for multimedia content retrieval and production.

So far our standard methodologies to describe and search specific content, for example an image, video or piece of music, are mostly utilizing “piggy-back” text technologies based workingon metadata. Model-based. This class of approaches emerged from the application

 of computer vision and image understanding research to multimedia indexing and retrieval.

On the way to Media Semantics

Projects.

Our institute focuses its research on the integration of content-based and semantic technologies into applications and workflows for the production, and distribution of digital content,as well as media understanding. We head for environments in the realm of professional movie and film productions, and likewise market research. To pursue these goals, the institute participates in national and European projects such as SALERO, Semedia, MediaCampaign,UAd, NM2, IP-RACINE, and K-Space. Whereas K-Space is an example from the foundational research, with NM2 and IP-RACINE we have two media production projects that elaborate on the question: “How to use semantic technologies together with standard media metadata to produce content”. The three latter mentioned projects are discussed in detail below.

Applying the Hybrid Approach. As mentioned above, we focus on real-world multimedia applications that typically deal with large media collections. Due to the requirements of these applications,such as scalability, multi-modality, and heterogeneity in terms of context, we follow the hybrid approach. Features automatically extracted by content analysis tools are represented using MPEG-7, while domain semantics are formalized in terms of OWL. Different methodologies of integrating these two representations (e.g. formal-driven, feature-oriented [6]) are utilized depending on the project’s needs.

Conclusion

In this paper we have described a number of approaches how to overcome the Semantic Gap.

We have shown how solutions could look like in a practical setup, and have pointed out main

activities and further directions. Based on the experience gained from our projects, we are convinced that the integration of multimedia content analysis and Semantic Web technologies isnecessary in order to build next generation multimedia applications.The currently ongoing

standardization activities will provide the basis for these technologies in the near future.

References

[1] Arnold W. M. Smeulders, Marcel Worring, Simone Santini, Amarnath Gupta, Ramesh

Jain. Content-Based Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years. IEEE Transactions on

Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(12):1349–1380, 2000.

[2] ISO/IEC 15938, Multimedia Content Description Interface, 2001.

[3] Jacco van Ossenbruggen, Frank Nack, and Lynda Hardman. That Obscure Object of

Desire: Multimedia Metadata on the Web, Part 1. IEEE MultiMedia, 11(4):38–48, 2004.

[4] Jacco van Ossenbruggen, Frank Nack, and Lynda Hardman. That Obscure Object of

Desire: Multimedia Metadata on the Web, Part 2. IEEE MultiMedia, 12(1):54–63, 2005.

[5] Ben Adida and Michael Hausenblas. RDFa Use Cases: Scenarios for Embedding RDF in

HTML. Editor’s draft, W3C Semantic Web Deployment Working Group, 2007.

[6] Peter Schallauer, Werner Bailer and Georg Thallinger. A Description Infrastructure for

Audiovisual Media Processing Systems Based on MPEG-7. Journal of Universal Knowledge

Management, 1(1): 26-35, 2006.

            What is forensic linguistics?

In ten words or less, what is Forensic Linguistics? Forensic Linguistics is the application of linguistics to legal issues. That is a starting point, but like all answers it is imperfect and serves only to stimulate more questions. For example, what does ‘the application of linguistics’ mean?

When Forensic Linguistics is referred to as an application of linguistics or, more concisely, an applied linguistic science, the word applied is not necessarily being used in the same sense as, for example, in the phrase applied statistics, where what is being applied is a theory underpinning a particular science to the practice of that science. Forensic Linguistics is, rather, the application of linguistic knowledge to a particular social setting, namely the legal forum (from which the word forensic is derived). In its broadest sense we may say that Forensic Linguistics is the interface between language, crime and law, where law includes law enforcement, judicial matters, legislation, disputes or proceedings in law, and even disputes which only potentially involve some infraction of the law or some necessity to seek a legal remedy. Given the centrality of the use of language to life in general and the law in particular, it is perhaps somewhat surprising that Forensic Linguistics is a relative newcomer to the arena, whereas other disciplines, such as fingerprint identification and shoeprint analysis, are much older, having a well‑established presence in judicial processes.

The application of linguistic methods to legal questions is only one sense in which Forensic Linguistics is an application of a science, in that various linguistic theories may be applied to the analysis of the language samples in an inquiry. Thus, the forensic linguist may quote observations from research undertaken in fields as diverse as language and memory studies, Conversation Analysis, Discourse Analysis, theory of grammar, Cognitive Linguistics, Speech Act Theory, etc. The reason for this reliance on a broad spectrum of linguistic fields is understandable: the data the linguist receives for analysis may require that something is said about how the average person remembers language, how conversations are constructed, the kinds of moves speakers or writers make in the course of a conversation or a written text, or they may need to explain to a court some aspects of phrase or sentence structure.

In summary, we can say that the forensic linguist applies linguistic knowledge and techniques to the language implicated in (i) legal cases or proceedings or (ii) private disputes between parties which may at a later stage result in legal action of some kind being taken.

                      Legal Cases and Proceedings

In lay terms, for the purposes of this discussion, we can envisage a legal proceeding as consisting potentially of three stages: the investigative stage, the trial stage and the appeal stage. The investigative stage is also sometimes referred to as the intelligence stage. In this part of the process it is important to gather information relating to the (alleged) crime. Not all of the information which is gathered during investigations can be used in court, and so a linguist who assists law enforcement officers during the intelligence stage may, in fact, find that there is no requirement to give evidence at any subsequent trial. Similarly, a linguist whose work is used at trial may not be required to assist the court at the appeal stage, if the content of the appeal does not include linguistic questions. On the other hand if linguistic evidence which was not available at the earlier stages comes to light while the appeal is being prepared, then this may be the stage at which the linguist is called in to give an opinion.

                   The investigative stage

Typically, requests for linguistic analysis originate with law enforcement departments or, in some countries, at the invitation of an investigating magistrate. Examples of linguistics intelligence work have included analysis of ransom notes, letters purporting to provide information on a case, mobile (cell) phone text messages, and specific threat letters. Linguists have also been asked to analyse texts purporting to be suicide notes. Even though the police in such cases may not suspect foul play,  it could be important to attempt to establish whether the questioned text can throw any light on the cause or circumstances of death.

Also at the investigative stage, the police may need to have an opinion on a text or an interview tape, perhaps to assist in developing interview and interrogation strategies. It is unlikely that anything a linguist says about veracity (using techniques similar to statement analysis) would be acceptable evidence in court, which is why this kind of linguistic analysis is usually confined to the investigative stage.

             The trial stage

At the trial stage any one of a number of types of linguistic analysis may be called for, including questions of authorship (Who wrote the text?/Who is the speaker in this recording?), meaning and interpretation (Does this word mean x, y or something else?),  threat analysis (Does the text contain a threat?), or text provenance and construction (Was the text dual‑authored? Was it written rather than spoken? etc). The inquiry could be of a civil or criminal nature, and this will determine the level of ‘proof’ acceptable to the court in question. Usually, the forensic linguist is instructed some time before a case gets to court. An expert report is submitted to the instructing legal team — either for the prosecution or the defence (or the plaintiff/claimant in a civil case). Even though the linguist prepares a report for one ‘side’ in a case rather than the other, it is the court for whom the work is really done. The first duty of the linguist — like that of any other forensic expert — is to the court, and not to the client on whose behalf the analysis was originally carried out.

                      The appeal stage

If a defendant is convicted of a crime it is not uncommon, especially these days, for the defence legal team to launch an appeal almost immediately. The structure and nature of appeals varies from country to country, and in some countries appeals centre on the claim that new evidence has been made available, or that existing evidence should be looked at in new ways. It is becoming increasingly common for linguists to be called in to assist legal counsel at the appeal stage, either because there may be some dispute about the wording, interpretation or authorship of a statement or confession made to police, or because a new interpretation of a forensic text (such as a suicide or ransom note) may have become apparent since the conviction.

                    Private disputes

A not inconsiderable part of the forensic linguist’s work consists of private cases. By this is meant that the work is commissioned by private individuals not involved in litigation at the time of the commission. Such cases include identifying the author of anonymous hate mail, the investigation of plagiarism for a school or university, or on behalf of a student accused of plagiarism. It sometimes happens that the linguist’s report may have an influence on the client’s decision to take matters further, either in a civil or a criminal court, but this is not common. Usually, what happens is that the report is submitted and the client deals with the matter internally — either within a university department, a business organisation, or, as may also be the case, within a family.

https://www.google.com/search?q=forensik+linguistics&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=fflb&biw=1024&bih=610&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT_6qNkKfNAhWFn5QKHSNqAnEQ_AUIBygA&dpr=1

thesis yang bersangkutan dengan lexicology

my book

Assalamualaikum wr wb..

Hai teman teman,,kali ini saya akan memposting sebuah gambar buku.. buku itulah yang saya pakai untuk mempelajari tentang introduction to linguistics..buku ini sangat bagus untuk mempelajari linguistics,karna di buku  ini lengkap sekali bagian bagian dari linguistic dan cocok untuk anda yang sedang mempelajari linguistics..

Inilah dia… 

dari buku inilah saya mendapat banyak sekali pelajaran tentang linguistics dan saya harap buku ini juga dapat membantu anda semuanya.. karna dari buku ini telah terdapat referensi yang jelas dan tidak rancu jika kita menggunakan nya..

semoga teman teman semua yang sedang mencari buku ini secepatnya dapat menemukannya yaa…

thanks for your attention.. J

wassalamualaikum wr wb..