What
is Morphology?
The term morphology is generally
attributed to the German poet, novelist,
playwright, and philosopher Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832),
who coined it early in the
nineteenth century in a biological context.
Its etymology is Greek:
morph- means ‘shape, form’, and morphology
is the study of form or forms. In biology morphology refers to the study of the
form and structure of organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the
configuration and evolution of land forms. In linguistics morphology refers to
the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch.
Types
of morphemes:
Bound
Morphemes: cannot occur on their own, e.g. de-
in detoxify, -tion in creation, -s in dogs,
cran- in cranberry.
Free
Morphemes: can occur as separate words, e.g. car,
yes.
morphologically
complex word -- a word composed of more than one morpheme -- one constituent
may be considered as the basic one, the core of the form, with the others
treated as being added on. The basic or core morpheme in such cases is referred
to as the stem, root, or base, while the add-ons are affixes. Affixes
that precede the stem are of course prefixes, while those that follow
the stem are suffixes. Thus in rearranged, re- is a
prefix, arrange is a stem, and -d is a suffix. Morphemes can also
be infixes, which are inserted within another form. English doesn't
really have any infixes, except perhaps for certain expletives in expressions
like un-effing-believable or Kalama-effing-zoo.
Prefixes
and suffixes are almost always bound, but what about the stems? Are they always
free? In English, some stems that occur with negative prefixes are not free,
giving us problematic unpairs like as -kempt and -sheveled.
Bad jokes about some of these missing bound morphemes have become so frequent
that they may re-enter common usage.
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